Noun is the name of person, place, thing or name of action is callled noun. Ex- Ram, Sohan, Patna, Delhi, Ganga.
Noun पांच प्रकार के होते है!
- Proper Noun
- Common Noun
- Collective Noun
- Abstract Noun
- Material Noun
Proper Noun :- वैसे noun किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु के विशेष नाम का बोध करता है, Proper Noun के साथ article का प्रयोग नहीं होता है!
Ex-patna, saurav, english, nepal.. etc.
Common Noun :- वैसे noun जो किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु की जाति का बोध करता है, common noun के साथ article a/an के प्रयोग किया जाता है!
Ex-book, country, hockey.. etc.
Collective Noun :- वैसे noun जो किसी समूह को दर्शाते है collective noun कहलाता है, collective noun एकवचन और बहुवचन दोनों हो सकते है!
Ex- Staff, bunch, committee, member …etc.
Abstract Noun :- वैसे noun जिसको देखा नहीं जा सकता और छुआ नहीं जा सकता है केवल महसूस किया जा सकता है!
Ex-Hoensty, happiness.. etc
Abstract Noun के type
Felling- like, live, hate
Action- laugh, weep, choice
Quality- Honesty, thugness
State- strees, depression
आधुनिक English में noun के दो भाग है
- Countable noun – वैसे noun जिनको गिना जा सकता है, countable noun कहलाता है, यह Singular और Plural दोनों हो सकती है
एकवचन होने पर Article a/an का प्रयोग किया जाता है - Uncountable noun :- वैसे noun जिन्हें गिना नहीं जा सकता है, इनके साथ article का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है!
Noun के Important Rules.
Rule 1 कुछ Noun ऐसे होते है जो Uncountable होते है तथा इनके साथ S का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है, ये हमेशा Singular form में ही Use किये जाते है, तथा Singular Verb का ही प्रयोग किया जाता है,इन सभी के साथ article a/an का Use भी नहीं किया जाता है! जैसे – Advice, bread, butter, chalk, dirt, dust, electricity, furniture, equipment, information, machinery, scenery, jewellery, creckery, poetry, traffic, drapery stationary, greenery, confectionary, luggage, baggage, drainage, heritage, homage, percentage, evidence, store, technology, smoking, mischief, gratitude, maintanance, hair, food, paper, abuse, employment, wood, shop, music. इन सभी words को pural बनाने के लिए a lot of, types of , kinds of , bits of , items of का use किया जाता है! Example- A bit of Information.
Rule 2 कुछ noun हमेशा Plural मानी जाती है और इसके साथ plural verb का Use किया जाता है! जैसे- cattle , vermin, majority, people, police, infantry, poultry, peasantry, children, cavalry, clergy, electorate, sheep, excreta, tenantry etc. Note- police के साथ हमेशा The का Use होता है! Example- The Police are investigating into this matter.
Rule 3 कुछ Collective Noun Singular और plural दोनों का काम करते है! जैसे- Jury, Team, Committee, Public, Crowd, mob, Staff जब ये collective noun एक Unit को प्रदर्शित करती है तब ये Singular होते है! Example- The team has won the match. The Public consists of You and me. My Family is well Known. Rule 4 जब ये Collective noun Divide sense (पृथक) आदि रूपों में होती है तो Plural मानी जाती है! Example- The committee are divided on the question of honest. my family have different views on this issue. The team are fighting for taking decision.
Rule 5 कुछ nounकी फॉर्म में बदलाव न होने पर भी ये singular और plural दोनों की तरह कार्य करती है तथा इनमे S/es नहीं लगाया जाता है, जैसे-Hare, sheep, deer, aircraft, counsel, issue, offspring, fish, heir.
Rule 6 कुछ noun की फॉर्म में S/es लगे होने पर भी यह Singular/Plural दोनों की तरह कार्य करते है, Barracks, Series, means, corps, headquarters, quarters, innings. Example- Some barracks don’t have much space for soldiers.
Rule 7 कुछ noun ऐसे होते है, s/es लगा होने पर हमेशा singular होते है, इन सभी के साथ singular verb आती है, Mathematics, Politics, Civics, dynamics, news, summons, phonetics, physics, athletics, statistics, ethics, genetics, linguistics, economics etc. इन शब्दों में जिस भी शब्द के पहले ics है उसके पहले यदि The या possessive adjective (my, our, his) आये तो verb plural लगाते है! Example- My mathematics are not good. Mathematics is my favourtie subject.
Rule 8 कुछ बीमारी के नाम जो दिखते plural है लेकिन singular होते है तथा singular verb का Use किया जाता है जैसे- measles, mumps, rickets, diabetes, rabies, shingles etc. Ex- Now a days diabetes have become a burning disease.
Rule 9 कुछ स्पोर्ट्स के नाम जिनमें s/es लगा होता है Tennis, Athletics, Billiards, Gymnastics, Darts, Draughts, Bowls etc.
Rule 10 कुछ पुस्तकों के नाम जैसे- The Gulliever travels, The arabian nights, Tales of shakespeare, 3 Idiots, 2 state. इन सभी के साथ singular verb का Use होता है!
Rule 11 कुछ noun ऐसे होते हैं जो plural माने जाते है इनमे हमेशा s/es लगा होता है तथा इनके साथ plural verb का Use किया जाता है तथा article a/an का प्रयोग किया जाता है! Example- कुछ उपकरण Scissors, tongs, clippers, spectacles, goggles, binoculars, forceps, joggers, tights, eyeglasses, Alms, Tools, belongings,surrondings, amends, archives, arrears, auspices, embers, fireworks, lodgings, outskirts, particulars, briefs, tactics, valubles, wages, stairs, braces, assets, proceeds, troops, congratulations. कुछ कपड़े- Pants, shorts, jeans, pajamas, trousers, breeches, socks, slippers, joggers. example- a pair of pants , Two pairs of pants.
Numeral Noun
Rule 11 Hundred, dozen, million, billion, thousand, pairs, score, unit etc यदि इन numeral noun के one, two, three आदि पहले शब्द आये तो इनमें s/es और of नहीं लगाते है, यदि इन numeral noun के पहले शब्द नहीं आये तो इनमें S लगाकर of लगाते है तथा noun का plural form का Use किया जाता है! Ex- a dozen, 3 dozen.
कुछ Compounds noun तथा उनके बहुवचन(Plural)
| Singular | Plural |
| Son-in-law | Sons- in- law |
| Mother-in-law | Mothers- in-law |
| Commander-in-chief | Commanders- in- chief |
| Court material | Courts material |
| Prime minister | Prime ministers |
| Step son | Step sons |
| Girl Friend | Girl Friends |
| Boy Friend | Boy friends |
| Woman Teacher | Women doctors |
| Man Doctor | Men Doctors |
| Man hater | Men haters |
| Woman hater | Women haters |
| Man lover | Men lovers |
| Lord justice | Lords Justice |
| Man Servant | Men Servants |
| Passer by | Passers by |
| English man | English Men |
Rule 12 कुछ Compounds nouns जो हमेशा plural होते है, जैसे- current affairs, human rights, current events, inverted commas, armed forces , natural resources , social studies, industrial realtions, high heels etc.
| अशुद्ध वाक्य | शुद्ध वाक्य |
| Strong breeze | Strong wind |
| Bad dream | Night mare |
| Big blunder | Blunder |
| Angry mob | Mob |
Rule 13 One/each/any/either/neither/any/many/all/one/two/three/several के साथ of+the+ plural Countable noun का प्रयोग किया जाता है! Example- One of the boys, Either of the boys, each of the girls.
Possessive Case :- किसी noun का किसी दूसरे noun के साथ आधिपत्य को बताने के लिए हम तीन Structure का प्रयोग करते है जिसे Apastrope कहते है!
Apastrope का Sign (‘S)और ( ‘ )और ( Of ) होता है!
‘S :- ‘S का प्रयोग सभी सजीव Noun के साथ किया जाता है जिसके spelling के अंत में S का उच्चारण नहीं होता हो example- Rahul’s Book , Lion’s Tomb , My father’s car
‘ – ‘ का प्रयोग जब किसी Noun के स्पेलिंग के अंत में स ज का उच्चारण हो तो (‘) का प्रयोग करते है Example- A boys’ room
Of – Of का प्रयोग सजीव और निर्जीव दोनों के लिए करते है जैसे- A boy of this college , The leaves of the tree
Rule 14 यदि दो Noun and से जुड़े हो और Close relationship रखते हो तो Last वाले noun में ( ‘S ) या ( ‘ ) का प्रयोग किया जाता है, Example- Ram and sita’s children.
Rule 15 यदि दो Noun and से जुड़े हो और आपस में सम्बन्धित नहीं हो तो दोनों Noun में ( ‘S ) प्रयोग किया जाता है Example- For my verification I went to Sohan’s and Gaurav’s office.
Rule16 somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, everybody, nobody, none, everyone इन सभी शब्दों के साथ का (‘S ) प्रयोग किया जाता है Example- Arun has stolen sombody’s pen.
Rule 17 somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, everybody, nobody, none, everyone इन सभी शब्दों के साथ else का प्रयोग किया जाता है तो (‘S ) का प्रयोग else के बाद किया जाता है Example- this is the sombody else’ pen not mine.
Rule 18 Everything, anything, something, nothing इन सभी के साथ apestrope का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है बल्कि of का प्रयोग किया जाता है
Rule 19 Noun+Preposition+Noun के साथ Singular का प्रयोग किया जाता है Example- City after city was destroyed by alexander. यहाँ cities after cities नहीं होगा !
Rule 20 कुछ noun जैसे student, worker, clerk, author, leader teacher इनको Gender कहते है
Gender चार प्रकार होते है! Masculine Gender Example- father, Tiger, Lion
Feminine Gender – Mother, Tigress, Women
Common Gender – student, child, thief
Neuter Gender – paper, book, pen
Word Denoting Group
| sheep, birds, geese | Flock |
| people (discuss religious group) | congregation |
| puppies | Litter |
| cattle | herd |
| corn, arrows | sheaf |
| directors | board |
| sailors | crew |
| carriages, followers | train |
| cards, hounds | pack |
| shoes, trousers, compasses, scissors | pair |
| sticks, hay | bundle |
| singers | choir |
| studies | curriculum |
| students | class |
| bullets, shots | volley |
| people | crowd/mob |
| events | series |
| robbers, labourers | gang |
| ants, flies, bees | swarm |
| hounds, cards | pack |
| soldiers | company/army/regiment |
| motorcars/ships | fleet |
| flowers | bunch/bouquet/garland |
| laws | code |
| merchants, pilgrims, travellers | caravam |
| trees | clump/grove |
| stars | galaxy/constellation/cluster |
| grapes, key | bunch |
| ruins,stones, sand | heap |
| girls, officers, women | bevy |
| servants | retinue |
| musicians | band |
| ships, cars etc. moving under escort | convoy |
Some Important example of Masculine and Feminine Gender
| Masculine | Feminine |
| Man | Woman |
| Bull | Cow |
| Son | Daughter |
| Boy | Girl |
| Sir | Madam |
| Uncle | Aunt |
| Cock | Hen |
| Horse | Mare |
| Buck | Doe |
| King | Queen |
| Son | Daughter |
| Nephew | Niece |
| Hart | Roe |
| Widower | Widow |
| Colt | Filly |
| Sultan | Sultana |
| Wizard | Witch |
| Dog | Witch |
| Male | Female |
| Husband | Wife |
| gentleman | Lady |
| Mr. | Miss |
| Administrator | Administratrix |
| Lad | Lass |
| Bridegroom | Bride |
| Executor | Executrix |
| Fox | Vixen |
| Emperor | Empress |
| God | Goddess |
| Sorcerer | Sorceress |
| Duke | Duchess |
| Lion | Lioness |
| Tailor | Tailoress |
| Tutor | Tutoress |
| Actor | Actress |
| Bachelor | Maid |
| Prosecutor | Proscutrix |
| Boar | Sow |
| Drone | Bee |
| Step Brother | Step Sister |
| Man servant | Maid Servant |
| Dog wolf | Bitch wolf |
| Milkman | Milkmaid |
| peacock | peahen |
| washerman | washerwomen |
| grandson | granddaughter |
| benefactor | Benefactress |
| ambassador | ambassadress |
| negro | negress |
| hunter | huntress |
| tutor | tutoress |
| jew | jewess |
| jack ass | jany ass |
| Post master | post mistress |
| He-goat | She-goat |
| Emperor | Empress |
| Earl | Countess |
| Gander | Goose |
| Testator | Testatrix |
Some Important Singular and Plural Nouns
| Singular | Plural |
| Fox | Foxes |
| Box | Boxes |
| Bus | Buses |
| Watch | Watches |
| Church | Churches |
| switch | switches |
| coach | coaches |
| fix | fixes |
| Ass | Asses |
| tax | taxes |
| quiz | quizzes |
| canvas | canvases |
| man | men |
| goose | geese |
| louse | lice |
| tooth | teeth |
| foot | feet |
| woman | women |
| mouse | mice |
| oasis | oases |
| calf | calves |
| loaf | loaves |
| life | lives |
| shelfs | shelves |
| thief | thieves |
| knife | knives |
| cliff | cliffs |
| dwarf | dwarfs |
| gulf | gulfs |
| scarf | scarfs |
| belief | beliefs |
| roof | roofs |
| child | children |
| ox | oxen |
| monkey | monkeys |
| woes | woes |
| bee | bees |
| tree | trees |
| zoo | zoos |
| portfoliio | portfolios |
| radio | radios |
| memento | mementos |
| echo | echoes |
| dynamo | dynamos |
| mosquito | mosquitoes |
| locus | loci |
| radius | radii |
| stomach | stomachs |
| cargo | cargoes |
| potato | potatoes |
| reply | replies |
| lorry | lorries |
| pony | ponies |
| storey | storeys |
| datum | data |
| memorandum | memoranda |
| stratum | strata |
| agendum | agenda |
| ovum | ova |
| stratum | strata |
| forum | forums |
| pendulum | pemdulums |
| museum | museums |
| asylum | asylums |
| premium | premiums |
| analysis | analyses |
| phenomenon | phenomena |
| criterion | criteria |
| hypothesis | hypothesus |
| basis | bases |
| crisis | crises |
| quarter | quarters |
| manner | manners |
| abuse | abuses |
| sand | sands |
| custom | customs |
| cliff | cliffs |
| roof | roofs |
| member of parliament | members of parliament |